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Scientists find bald men are perceived as better leaders

Researchers say that bald men, such a Bruce Willis, are perceived as being better leaders, and even an inch taller than those with hair.

Bald men are perceived to be more dominant, more athletic and better leaders, researchers have claimed.

A new study from information management lecturer Albert Mannes at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business suggests that while men with male-pattern baldness tend to view themselves as having poor self-esteem, those who take the pre-emptive step of shaving a thinning head of hair improved their image.

'The broad take-away is that perceptions about leadership and related traits like dominance can emerge from peculiar characteristics that aren’t really related to leadership at all,' says Mannes.

For the paper, 'Shorn Scalps and Perceptions of Male Dominance,' published in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science, Mannes describes three experiments.

The first found men with shaved heads were viewed as more masculine and dominant than other men.

Two more experiments found men were perceived as taller (by an inch, on average) and stronger (that is, seen as being able to bench press 13% more) than those men with a full head of hair.

They were also viewed as having greater potential as leaders.

Mannes said the impetus for his research came from his own experience in his early thirties, when he began losing his hair.

In the first experiment, subjects were asked to look at a series of photographs of men of similar age and dress, including some with shaved heads.

Then, they were asked to rate the men in terms of how powerful, influential and authoritative they looked. When the numbers were tallied, the shaved heads won.

In a second experiment, Mannes tried to control for other physical features that could convey dominance by showing his subjects the images of four men, but in two different versions: one with their hair, and one with their hair digitally removed.

Again, the images of men without hair were perceived as more dominant — and, much to Mannes’ surprise, also taller and stronger.

For his third experiment, Mannes avoided all visual cues and offered subjects physical descriptions of men, including whether they had hair, thinning hair or a shaved head.

Again, the shaved men came out on top.

However, there were downsides. Men with shaved heads were rated lower in attractiveness and also seen as being older. But they nonetheless scored higher than men with thinning hair, who were ranked lower in almost all categories.

研究人員稱，人們普遍認(rèn)為禿頭男更具主導(dǎo)力、更健壯、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力更強(qiáng)。

美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)沃頓商學(xué)院的信息管理系講師阿爾伯特•曼尼斯開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)新研究指出，盡管謝頂男子往往會(huì)因?yàn)槊摪l(fā)而感到自卑，但那些在頭發(fā)掉光前就先行一步剃光頭的男人形象則會(huì)有所改觀。

曼尼斯說(shuō)：“從研究中獲取的大致信息是，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力，以及如主導(dǎo)力這樣的相關(guān)特質(zhì)，可以從一些和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力本身并無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)關(guān)系的個(gè)人特征中感受到?！?/SPAN>

這篇題為《禿頭和對(duì)男性統(tǒng)治力的認(rèn)知》的論文發(fā)表在期刊《社會(huì)心理和人格科學(xué)》上。在論文中，曼尼斯描述了三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，剃光頭的男子被認(rèn)為比其他男性更有男子氣概，更具主導(dǎo)力。

另外兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，光頭男子看上去比頭發(fā)濃密的男子更高（平均多出一英尺）、更強(qiáng)壯（光頭男被認(rèn)為能做仰臥推舉的比例要多出13%）。

此外，光頭男還被認(rèn)為具有更高的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力潛質(zhì)。

曼尼斯說(shuō)，他做這項(xiàng)研究的原動(dòng)力來(lái)自他三十出頭就開(kāi)始謝頂?shù)挠H身經(jīng)歷。

在第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，研究人員讓參與者觀看年齡和服飾相近的男性的一組照片，其中包括一些剃光頭的男性。

接著，研究人員讓他們根據(jù)這些男性的外觀給他們的權(quán)力、影響力和權(quán)威性打分。把這些數(shù)字加在一起，光頭男勝出了。

在第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，曼尼斯試圖控制其他讓人感受到主導(dǎo)力的外貌特征，只讓參與者看四名男性的照片，但是版本不同：一個(gè)是有頭發(fā)的版本，另一個(gè)是用數(shù)碼技術(shù)將頭發(fā)修掉了。

光頭的男子形象再次被認(rèn)為更具主導(dǎo)力，而且，讓曼尼斯十分驚訝的是，他們還顯得更高更強(qiáng)壯。

在第三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，曼尼斯避免所有視覺(jué)提示，給參與者描述了男性的外貌，并描述了他們是有頭發(fā)、頭發(fā)稀疏或是光頭。

結(jié)果同樣，光頭的男子勝出。

然而，剃光頭也有不利的一面。剃光頭的男子被認(rèn)為不太有吸引力，而且看上去更老。不過(guò)他們的得分還是比頭發(fā)稀疏的男性要高，這些人幾乎在所有評(píng)比項(xiàng)中都處于下風(fēng)。

Vocabulary:

pre-emptive: 先發(fā)制人的

bench press: 仰臥推舉

tally: 計(jì)數(shù)，清點(diǎn)，統(tǒng)計(jì)